The Analects (論語)

The Analects (論語) is a collection of sayings (語錄) that records the words and actions of Confucius (孔子, 551 BC–479 BC), a philosopher and educator from the Spring and Autumn Period of China, and his disciples. It was not written by Confucius himself, but it is said that his disciples compiled his words after his death. It occupies the most central position among Confucian classics and has had a profound influence on East Asian culture.

 

Main contents of the Analects:

The Analects contain a vast amount of content, but can be largely understood by focusing on the following core ideas and values:

 

● Ren (仁): It emphasizes the essential goodness of humans, such as humanity, benevolence, and love, as well as deep understanding and consideration for others. Confucius considered Ren to be the root of all virtues.

● Li (禮): He considered etiquette, norms, and ceremonies necessary for maintaining social order and harmonious human relationships to be important. Li is not simply a formality, but a way to express inner respect and humility.

● Righteousness (義): Emphasizes the right conduct, justice, and proper behavior. It was considered important to follow what is right rather than profit.

● Wisdom (智): Emphasizes wisdom to understand the principles of things, correct judgment, and continuous learning.

● Faith (信): It considered faith, trust, and keeping promises important. Faith among members of society is an important foundation for maintaining a community.

 

● Gentleman (君子): It refers to a person of ideal character conceived by Confucius, who possesses virtue (德), does not neglect learning (學問), and fulfills social responsibilities. A gentleman is not a person of bloodline or status, but can be achieved through personal cultivation and effort.

● Self-cultivation and governance (修己治人): It emphasizes cultivating one's own character (修己) first, then governing others (治人) and stabilizing society. It considered the moral cultivation of an individual to be the foundation for the stability and prosperity of the entire society.

 

● Correct Names (正名): This is the claim that each person should act in accordance with their social role and title. For example, a king should act like a king, and a subject should act like a subject, so that social order can be maintained.

● Loyalty (忠) and forgiveness (恕): Loyalty means giving one's heart, and forgiveness means understanding and considering the hearts of others. These two are important ways to practice humanity.

 

Structure of the Analects:

The Analects consists of a total of 20 chapters, and each chapter is further divided into several chapters (章). The title of each chapter is often taken from the first verse, and there is no clear system or subject classification in terms of content.

 

What the Analects Mean to Us:

Despite the passage of time, the Analects still teach us much. It provides wise insights into various aspects such as personal cultivation, interpersonal relationships, social life, and leadership, and suggests values ​​that are still valid in modern society.